Defense Language is comprised of photographs from my project Simulating Iraq. The photographs show costumed role-players, elaborate Hollywood-inspired sets and staged tableaus on military bases across the United States. I embedded myself on these bases between 2006 and 2023 to explore the depiction of Arabs and Muslims during counterinsurgency training for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Published November 2025 by GOST Books
Available now for pre-order from GOST.
Available for purchase on my website in late November.
11 x 9 inches
192pp, 136 images
Hardback
ISBN 978-1-915423-98-6
With this project, I look at the way Americans such as myself interact with other cultures. The photographs draw attention to the problematic depiction of “cultural others” in these trainings, challenging the implicit assumption of American cultural superiority.
Those portrayed in the photographs include military personnel—often combat veterans playing the role of enemy combatants—immigrants from Iraq or Afghanistan intended to make the training look and feel realistic, and local American civilians hired to populate the artificial villages. The photographs include a combination of formal portraits, landscapes depicting makeshift constructed buildings, and more informal images of the figures interacting within the training scenarios. The photographs were made at Fort Drum, New York; Fort Irwin, California; Fort Jackson, South Carolina; Fort Polk, Louisiana; The Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (Twentynine Palms), California; and The Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center, California.
Printed materials such as fold-out pocket guides used by American soldiers and Marines deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, and language training workbooks for Americans with ties to the military, are combined with the photographs. These materials were created either by the US military, related branches of the government or military contractors. I purchased most of this literature on eBay by searching for keywords related to American military involvement in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although many of the materials are contemporary to the time of the project, some are historic and date back to the 1960s and 1970s, revealing the longstanding nature of American biases relating to Arab and Muslim people.